APLN

This gene encodes a peptide that functions as an endogenous ligand for the G-protein coupled apelin receptor. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed into biologically active C-terminal peptide fragments. These peptide fragments activate different tissue specific signaling pathways that regulate diverse biological functions including fluid homeostasis, cardiovascular function and insulin secretion. This protein also functions as a coreceptor for the human immunodeficiency virus 1. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

Apelin

Endogenous ligand for the apelin receptor (APLNR) (PubMed:10525157). Drives internalization of the apelin receptor (By similarity). Apelin-36 dissociates more hardly than (pyroglu)apelin-13 from APLNR (By similarity). Hormone involved in the regulation of cardiac precursor cell movements during gastrulation and heart morphogenesis (By similarity). Has an inhibitory effect on cytokine production in response to T-cell receptor/CD3 cross-linking; the oral intake of apelin in the colostrum and the milk might therefore modulate immune responses in neonates (By similarity). Plays a role in early coronary blood vessels formation (By similarity). Mediates myocardial contractility in an ERK1/2-dependent manner (By similarity). May also have a role in the central control of body fluid homeostasis by influencing vasopressin release and drinking behavior (By similarity).
(Microbial infection) Endogenous ligand for the apelin receptor (APLNR), an alternative coreceptor with CD4 for HIV-1 infection (PubMed:11090199). Inhibits HIV-1 entry in cells coexpressing CD4 and APLNR (PubMed:11090199). Apelin-36 has a greater inhibitory activity on HIV infection than other synthetic apelin derivatives (PubMed:11090199).

Angiogenesis Source: UniProtKB-KW
Apelin receptor signaling pathway Source: UniProtKB
Coronary vasculature development Source: UniProtKB
Drinking behavior Source: UniProtKB
Gastrulation Source: UniProtKB-KW
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway Source: Reactome
Immune response Source: ProtInc
Lactation Source: ProtInc
Negative regulation of blood pressure Source: UniProtKB
Negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway Source: BHF-UCL
Negative regulation of gene expression Source: BHF-UCL
Negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation Source: BHF-UCL
Negative regulation of vasoconstriction Source: Ensembl
Positive regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion Source: Ensembl
Positive regulation of corticotropin secretion Source: Ensembl
Positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor internalization Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of heart contraction Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of heat generation Source: Ensembl
Positive regulation of phosphorylation Source: Ensembl
Positive regulation of pri-miRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II Source: BHF-UCL
Positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation Source: BHF-UCL
Regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange Source: Ensembl
Regulation of the force of heart contraction Source: Ensembl
Signal transduction Source: ProtInc
Viral process Source: UniProtKB-KW

Secreted; Extracellular space. Abundantly secreted in the colostrum. Lower level in milk. Decreases rapidly within several days after parturition in milk, but is still detectable even in commercial milk.

Several active peptides may be produced by proteolytic processing of the peptide precursor.