Troubleshooting of Anti-drug Antibody (ADA) Bridging ELISA

Type 1 anti-idiotypic antibodies are neutralizing antibody in immunoglobulin format. They can be used as a control for human anti-drug antibody (ADA) in bridging ELISA. Like with any other biological assay, bridging enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can be influenced by several factors, some of which can cause problems if not watched carefully. The following content will discuss the most common problems and provide you with possible solutions to solve the issue. When trouble shooting, prepare all fresh buffers, sterile filter buffers containing BSA and allow all reagents to reach room temperature prior to use.

Click for the Protocol of Anti-drug Antibody (ADA) Bridging ELISA.

Contents

Problem 1: Poor Standard Curve
Problem 2: Positive Results in Negative Control
Problem 3: Weak or No Signal
Problem 4: Too Much Signal
Problem 5: High Background
Problem 6: Low Sensitivity
Problem 7: Edge and Drift Effects
Problem 8: Matrix Effect
Problem 9: Poor Replicate Data
Problem 10: Large Coefficient of Variation (CV)
Pipetting Technique Tips for ELISA
Washing Procedure for ELISA

Poor Standard Curve

Cause	Solution
Curve doesn’t fit scale	Make sure you’re using the suggested curve fitting model - a 4 or 5 parameter logistic curve fitting model. Try plotting using different scales.
Pipetting error	Use calibrated pipettes and proper pipetting technique.
Poorly mixed reagents	Thoroughly mix reagents.
Capture antibody drug did not bind well to plate	Extend incubation time. Check coating buffer. Use an ELISA plate (not a tissue culture plate).
Incorrect standard solution	Double check standard stock concentration, dilutions calculations and your dilutions. Vortex vials to ensure all of the material has been reconstituted.
Freezing/thawing of the standard	Use fresh standard.
The reagents are used beyond expiration date	Use fresh reagents.
Use of non-calibrated external recombinant protein preparation as standard	Calibrate against reference preparation standard.

Positive Results in Negative Control

Cause	Solution
The reagents are contaminated	Use fresh reagents and pipette carefully.
Insufficient washing of plates	Ensure that wells are washed adequately by filling the wells with wash buffer. Make sure that all residual antibody solutions are removed before washing.
Too much labeled antibody drug used leading to non-specific binding	Try using less detection antibody.

False positives in bridging experiments can result from matrix-induced bridging of biotinylated drug by dimeric or bivalent target proteins, heterophilic antibodies or rheumatoid factor. Control experiments for heterophilic antibodies or rheumatoid factor can be carried out using a molecule that is related but different from the drug. For example, for an antibody therapeutic, a biotinylated antibody of the same isotype raised in the same species can be substituted for the biotinylated drug in the bridging assay.

Weak or No Signal

Cause	Solution
Insufficient incubation	Follow the incubation time as indicated in the protocol.
Target concentration falls below detection limits of assay	Decrease dilution factor or concentrate samples.
Assay set up incorrectly or used incorrect reagents	Review protocol and repeat assay using a positive control.
Insufficient coating	Longer coating times, different coating buffers, higher coating concentration.
Inefficient labeling	Strictly follow the labeling instructions. Avoid the presence of substances interfering with the labeling reaction.
Choose of anti-idiotypic antibodies	Inhibitory and neutralizing anti-idiotypic antibodies are used.
Not enough detection reagent	Increase concentration of the detection antibody.
Sample prepared incorrectly	Ensure proper sample preparation and dilution.
Incubation temperature too low	All reagents including plate should be at ambient temperature prior to use. Ensure the incubation steps are carried out at the correct temperature.
Plate washings too vigorous	At least 4 times after incubation. Pipette wash buffer gently if washes are done manually.
Wells dried out	Cover the plate using sealing film or tape throughout experiment.
Slow color development	Prepare substrate solution immediately before use. Ensure the stock solution has not expired and is not contaminated. Allow longer incubation. Ensure plates and reagents are kept at room temperature.
Antibody quality	Use a fresh aliquot of antibody that has been stored at -20°C or below.
Enzyme inhibitor present	Avoid sodium azide in HRP reactions. Avoid phosphate in AP reactions.

Too Much Signal

Cause	Solution
Insufficient washing	Use appropriate washing procedure. At the end of each washing step, invert plate on absorbent tissue and allow to completely drain, tapping forcefully if necessary to remove any residual fluid.
Plate sealers not used or reused	During incubations, cover assay plates with plate sealers. Use a fresh sealer each time the plate is opened. This will prevent wells from contaminating each other.
Incorrect dilutions prepared	Check pipetting technique and double-check calculations.
Longer incubation times than recommended	Manufactured guide has optimized protocols. Make sure to follow recommended incubation times.
Plate left too long before reading	Take measurements shortly after addition of substrate and stop solution.

High Background

Cause	Solution
Insufficient washing	Increase washing cycles.
Contaminated wash buffer	Prepare fresh water buffer.
Suboptimal salt concentration in washing buffer	Optimize salt concentration as high concentration can reduce non-specific and/or weak off-target interaction.
Too much detection reagent	Ensure the reagent has been diluted properly or decrease the recommended concentration of detection reagent.
Blocking buffer ineffective	Try different blocking reagent and/or add blocking reagent to wash buffer.
Antibody aggregation	Drug aggregates may be more prone to non-specific interactions. Use a new batch or lot.
Non-specific binding of labeled antibody to the plate	Using an affinity-purified antibody. Ensure wells are pre-processed to prevent non-specific attachment. Reduce the concentration of detection antibody.
Substrate incubation carried out in light	Substrate incubations should be carried out in the dark or as recommended by manufacturer.
Precipitate formed in wells upon substrate addition	Increase dilution factor of sample or decrease concentration of substrate.
Dirty plate	Clean the plate bottom.
Pipetting errors	Calibrate pipets so that they dispense the correct volumes.
Reagents not mixed properly	Thoroughly mix all reagents and samples before pipetting solutions into wells and equilibrated to room temperature before assay.
Plate left too long before reading	Take measurements shortly after addition of substrate and stop solution.

Low Sensitivity

Cause	Solution
Inactive detection reagent	Ensure reporter enzyme/fluorescent has the expected activity.
Plate reader settings incorrect	Ensure plate reader is set to read the correct absorbance wavelength or excitation/emission wavelengths for fluorescent detection.
Poor capture antibody adsorption to wells	Covalently link target to microtiter plate.
Not enough substrate	Add more substrate.
Interfering buffers or sample ingredients	Check reagents for any interfering chemicals. For example, sodium azide in antibodies inhibit HRP enzyme and EDTA used as anticoagulant for plasma collection inhibits enzymatic reactions.
Mixing or substituting reagents from different batches	Avoid mixing components from different batches.

Edge and Drift Effects

Cause	Solution
Uneven temperature	Seal the plate completely with a plate sealer during incubations. If 37°C incubation is indicated, make sure plate is in the center of incubator. Avoid incubating plates in areas where environmental conditions vary.
Solutions not at room temperature	Ensure that all solutions are at room temperature before pipetting into the wells.
Evaporation	Seal the plate completely with a plate sealer during incubations.
Stacked plates	Avoid stacking plates during incubation.
Considerable interval of time elapsed during the addition of a solution	All samples and standards should be prepared prior to starting the assay. Reduce assay time, particularly important when adding the chromogen substrate.

Matrix Effect

ELISA quantification of plasma and serum occasionally encounters problems which are caused by the matrix effect. The matrix effect can arise from a number of matrix components including, but not limited to: interaction between endogenous biological components such as phospholipids, carbohydrates and endogenous metabolites or an interaction between the analyte of interest and the matrix, for instance covalent binding to plasma proteins. This results in erroneous sample readings. Simply diluting the samples by 2 or 5 folds reduces the matrix effect, when diluting the samples remember to use the same diluent as used for standard curve.

Poor Replicate Data

Cause	Solution
Insufficient washing of wells	Use appropriate washing procedure. Increasing duration of soak steps may also help.
Bubble in wells	Ensure no bubbles are present prior to reading plate.
Poor mixing of samples	Ensure all reagents are mixed gently and thoroughly.
Inconsistent sample preparation or storage	Ensure consistent sample preparation and optimal sample storage conditions.
Cross-well contamination	Ensure plate sealers and pipette tips are not contaminated with reagents.
Plate sealers not used or reused	During incubations, cover assay plates with plate sealers. Use a fresh sealer each time the plate is opened. This will prevent wells from contaminating each other.
Inconsistent incubation temperature	Make sure to follow recommended incubation temperatures. Be aware of fluctuations in temperature due to environmental conditions.
Exceeding concentrations of labeled detection antibody	Follow the instructions strictly.
Variability introduced through pipetting	Ensure that pipettes are calibrated and that the correct pipette tips are used. Repeater pipettes should be checked for accuracy for each dispense step.
Inconsistent shaking speed	Shaking conditions should be kept consistent to ensure optimal signal reproducibility.
Variability introduced through plate washing equipment	Ensure that plate washers are kept clean and well maintained. Flipping the plate orientation during plate washing can be useful to troubleshoot plate washer related problems.
Edge effects	Make sure that the plate and reagents are equilibrated to room temperature before starting assay.

Large Coefficient of Variation (CV)

Cause	Solution
Bubbles in wells	Ensure no bubbles are present prior to reading plate.
Wells not washed equally/thoroughly	Check that all ports of the plate washer are unobstructed.
Incomplete reagent mixing	Ensure all reagents are mixed thoroughly.
Inconsistent pipetting	Use calibrated pipettes and proper technique to ensure accurate pipetting.
Edge effects	Ensure the plate and all reagents are at room temperature.
Inconsistent sample preparation or storage	Ensure consistent sample preparation and optimal sample storage conditions (e.g. minimize freeze/thaw cycles).

Pipetting Technique Tips for ELISA

1.    Use only pipettes within the range suggested by the manufacturer.
2.    Make sure tip is firmly seated on the pipette.
3.    Confirm there are no air bubbles while pipetting reagents/samples/standards/controls.
4.    Change tips between each standard, sample, or reagent.
5.    Use different reservoirs for each reagent.
6.    Pipette sample into the side of wells to avoid splashing.
7.    Always run samples/standards in replicate.

Washing Procedure for ELISA

1.    Completely aspirate liquid from all wells by gently lowering an aspiration tip into the bottom of each well.
Note: Take care not to scratch the inside of the well.
2.    Fill the wells with at least 400 µL of diluted wash buffer.
3.    Let soak for 15 to 30 seconds.
4.    Aspirate wash buffer from wells.
5.    Repeat as directed in protocol (usually 3-4 times).
6.    After washing is complete, invert plate and tap (forcefully, if necessary) dry on absorbent tissue. Be sure to remove any residual liquid.
7.    Alternatively, an automated plate washer may be used.