GDF15
This gene encodes a secreted ligand of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. Ligands of this family bind various TGF-beta receptors leading to recruitment and activation of SMAD family transcription factors that regulate gene expression. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate each subunit of the disulfide-linked homodimer. The protein is expressed in a broad range of cell types, acts as a pleiotropic cytokine and is involved in the stress response program of cells after cellular injury. Increased protein levels are associated with disease states such as tissue hypoxia, inflammation, acute injury and oxidative stress. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]
Full Name
Growth Differentiation Factor 15
Function
Regulates food intake, energy expenditure and body weight in response to metabolic and toxin-induced stresses (PubMed:28953886, PubMed:28846097, PubMed:28846098, PubMed:28846099, PubMed:23468844, PubMed:29046435).
Binds to its receptor, GFRAL, and activates GFRAL-expressing neurons localized in the area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarius of the brainstem (PubMed:28953886, PubMed:28846097, PubMed:28846098, PubMed:28846099).
It then triggers the activation of neurons localized within the parabrachial nucleus and central amygdala, which constitutes part of the 'emergency circuit' that shapes feeding responses to stressful conditions (PubMed:28953886).
On hepatocytes, inhibits growth hormone signaling (By similarity).
Biological Process
Activation of MAPK activity Source: UniProtKB
BMP signaling pathway Source: GO_Central
Cell-cell signaling Source: ProtInc
Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway Source: UniProtKB
Negative regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway Source: UniProtKB
Negative regulation of multicellular organism growth Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of MAPK cascade Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of myoblast fusion Source: Ensembl
Positive regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation Source: GO_Central
Positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling Source: UniProtKB
Reduction of food intake in response to dietary excess Source: UniProtKB
Signal transduction Source: ProtInc
SMAD protein signal transduction Source: UniProtKB
Transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway Source: ProtInc
Cellular Location
Secreted
Involvement in disease
Plasma levels are increased in children with concomitant heart disease and failure to thrive but not in children with heart disease and normal body weight.
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Datasheet