PADI4

This gene is a member of a gene family which encodes enzymes responsible for the conversion of arginine residues to citrulline residues. This gene may play a role in granulocyte and macrophage development leading to inflammation and immune response. [provided by RefSeq]

peptidyl arginine deiminase, type IV

Catalyzes the citrullination/deimination of arginine residues of proteins such as histones, thereby playing a key role in histone code and regulation of stem cell maintenance (PubMed:15339660, PubMed:15345777, PubMed:16567635, PubMed:21245532).
Citrullinates histone H1 at 'Arg-54' (to form H1R54ci), histone H3 at 'Arg-2', 'Arg-8', 'Arg-17' and/or 'Arg-26' (to form H3R2ci, H3R8ci, H3R17ci, H3R26ci, respectively) and histone H4 at 'Arg-3' (to form H4R3ci) (PubMed:15339660, PubMed:15345777, PubMed:16567635, PubMed:21245532).
Acts as a key regulator of stem cell maintenance by mediating citrullination of histone H1: citrullination of 'Arg-54' of histone H1 (H1R54ci) results in H1 displacement from chromatin and global chromatin decondensation, thereby promoting pluripotency and stem cell maintenance (PubMed:15339660, PubMed:15345777, PubMed:16567635, PubMed:21245532).
Promotes profound chromatin decondensation during the innate immune response to infection in neutrophils by mediating formation of H1R54ci (PubMed:18209087).
Required for the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs); NETs are mainly composed of DNA fibers and are released by neutrophils to bind pathogens during inflammation (By similarity).
Citrullination of histone H3 prevents their methylation by CARM1 and HRMT1L2/PRMT1 and represses transcription (PubMed:15345777).
Citrullinates EP300/P300 at 'Arg-2142', which favors its interaction with NCOA2/GRIP1 (PubMed:15731352).

Cellular protein modification processManual Assertion Based On ExperimentTAS:ProtInc
Chromatin organizationISS:UniProtKB
Chromatin remodelingISS:UniProtKB
Histone citrullinationManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Histone H3-R26 citrullinationManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Innate immune responseIEA:UniProtKB-KW
Nucleosome assemblyISS:UniProtKB
Protein citrullinationManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Stem cell population maintenanceISS:UniProtKB

Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cytoplasmic granule
Cytoplasmic granules of eosinophils and neutrophils.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA):
An inflammatory disease with autoimmune features and a complex genetic component. It primarily affects the joints and is characterized by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures.

Autocitrullination at Arg-372 and Arg-374 inactivates the enzyme.