INS

After removal of the precursor signal peptide, proinsulin is post-translationally cleaved into three peptides: the B chain and A chain peptides, which are covalently linked via two disulfide bonds to form insulin, and C-peptide. Binding of insulin to the insulin receptor (INSR) stimulates glucose uptake. A multitude of mutant alleles with phenotypic effects have been identified. There is a read-through gene, INS-IGF2, which overlaps with this gene at the 5' region and with the IGF2 gene at the 3' region. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

Insulin

Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver.

Activation of protein kinase B activityManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:BHF-UCL
Acute-phase responseManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:BHF-UCL
Alpha-beta T cell activationManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Cell-cell signaling1 PublicationIC:UniProtKB
CognitionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentTAS:ARUK-UCL
Fatty acid homeostasisManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIMP:BHF-UCL
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:BHF-UCL
Glucose homeostasisManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIMP:BHF-UCL
Glucose metabolic processIEA:UniProtKB-KW
Insulin receptor signaling pathwayManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:BHF-UCL
Negative regulation of acute inflammatory responseManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:BHF-UCL
Negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic processManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIMP:BHF-UCL
Negative regulation of feeding behaviorManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:DFLAT
Negative regulation of gene expressionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:ARUK-UCL
Negative regulation of gluconeogenesis1 PublicationNAS:BHF-UCL
Negative regulation of glycogen catabolic processManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIMP:BHF-UCL
Negative regulation of lipid catabolic processManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIMP:AgBase
Negative regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activityManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:BHF-UCL
Negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway1 PublicationNAS:BHF-UCL
Negative regulation of protein catabolic processManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Negative regulation of protein secretionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:BHF-UCL
Negative regulation of proteolysisManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIMP:BHF-UCL
Negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic processManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIGI:ARUK-UCL
Biological Process negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory responseManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:BHF-UCL
Neuron projection maintenanceManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIGI:ARUK-UCL
Nitric oxide-cGMP-mediated signaling pathwayManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiationManual Assertion Based On ExperimentTAS:BHF-UCL
Positive regulation of cell differentiation1 PublicationNAS:BHF-UCL
Positive regulation of cell growth1 PublicationNAS:BHF-UCL
Positive regulation of cell migrationBy SimilarityISS:BHF-UCL
Positive regulation of cell population proliferationManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:BHF-UCL
Positive regulation of cellular protein metabolic processManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIMP:BHF-UCL
Positive regulation of cytokine productionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of dendritic spine maintenanceManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIGI:ARUK-UCL
Positive regulation of gene expressionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIGI:BHF-UCL
Positive regulation of glucose importManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic processManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:BHF-UCL
Positive regulation of glycolytic processManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:BHF-UCL
Positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathwayManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process1 PublicationNAS:BHF-UCL
Positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiationManual Assertion Based On ExperimentTAS:ARUK-UCL
Positive regulation of MAPK cascadeManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:BHF-UCL
Positive regulation of mitotic nuclear divisionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activityManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:BHF-UCL
Positive regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transductionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity1 PublicationNAS:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of peptide hormone secretionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentTAS:BHF-UCL
Positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signalingManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:BHF-UCL
Positive regulation of protein autophosphorylationBy SimilarityISS:BHF-UCL
Positive regulation of protein kinase B signalingManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:BHF-UCL
Positive regulation of protein localization to nucleusManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:BHF-UCL
Positive regulation of protein secretionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIBA:GO_Central
Positive regulation of respiratory burstManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:BHF-UCL
Regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic processManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIMP:BHF-UCL
Regulation of protein localizationManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:BHF-UCL
Regulation of protein localization to plasma membraneManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIGI:ARUK-UCL
Regulation of protein secretionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Regulation of synaptic plasticityManual Assertion Based On ExperimentTAS:ARUK-UCL
Regulation of transcription, DNA-templated1 PublicationNAS:BHF-UCL
Regulation of transmembrane transporter activityManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:BHF-UCL
VasodilationManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Wound healingManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:BHF-UCL

Secreted

Hyperproinsulinemia (HPRI):
An autosomal dominant condition characterized by elevated levels of serum proinsulin-like material.
Diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent, 2 (IDDM2):
A multifactorial disorder of glucose homeostasis that is characterized by susceptibility to ketoacidosis in the absence of insulin therapy. Clinical features are polydipsia, polyphagia and polyuria which result from hyperglycemia-induced osmotic diuresis and secondary thirst. These derangements result in long-term complications that affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels.
Diabetes mellitus, permanent neonatal, 4 (PNDM4):
A form of permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus, a type of diabetes characterized by onset of persistent hyperglycemia within the first six months of life. Initial clinical manifestations include intrauterine growth retardation, hyperglycemia, glycosuria, osmotic polyuria, severe dehydration, and failure to thrive. PNDM4 transmission pattern is consistent with autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive inheritance.
Maturity-onset diabetes of the young 10 (MODY10):
A form of diabetes that is characterized by an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, onset in childhood or early adulthood (usually before 25 years of age), a primary defect in insulin secretion and frequent insulin-independence at the beginning of the disease.