CHGA

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the chromogranin/secretogranin family of neuroendocrine secretory proteins. It is found in secretory vesicles of neurons and endocrine cells. This gene product is a precursor to three biologically active peptides; vasostatin, pancreastatin, and parastatin. These peptides act as autocrine or paracrine negative modulators of the neuroendocrine system. Two other peptides, catestatin and chromofungin, have antimicrobial activity and antifungal activity, respectively. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2014]

Chromogranin A

Pancreastatin:
Strongly inhibits glucose induced insulin release from the pancreas.
Catestatin:
Inhibits catecholamine release from chromaffin cells and noradrenergic neurons by acting as a non-competitive nicotinic cholinergic antagonist (PubMed:15326220).
Displays antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria S.aureus and M.luteus, and Gram-negative bacteria E.coli and P.aeruginosa (PubMed:15723172 and PubMed:24723458).
Can induce mast cell migration, degranulation and production of cytokines and chemokines (PubMed:21214543).
Acts as a potent scavenger of free radicals in vitro (PubMed:24723458).
May play a role in the regulation of cardiac function and blood pressure (PubMed:18541522).
Serpinin:
Regulates granule biogenesis in endocrine cells by up-regulating the transcription of protease nexin 1 (SERPINE2) via a cAMP-PKA-SP1 pathway. This leads to inhibition of granule protein degradation in the Golgi complex which in turn promotes granule formation.

Adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in cardiac muscle relaxation Source: BHF-UCL
Antimicrobial humoral response Source: Reactome
Defense response to bacterium Source: GO_Central
Defense response to fungus Source: UniProtKB-KW
Defense response to Gram-negative bacterium Source: UniProtKB
Defense response to Gram-positive bacterium Source: UniProtKB
Innate immune response Source: UniProtKB
Killing of cells of other organism Source: UniProtKB-KW
Mast cell activation Source: UniProtKB
Mast cell chemotaxis Source: UniProtKB
Mast cell degranulation Source: UniProtKB
Negative regulation of catecholamine secretion Source: UniProtKB
Negative regulation of insulin secretion Source: GO_Central
Negative regulation of neuron death Source: BHF-UCL
Organelle organization Source: BHF-UCL
Positive regulation of cardiac muscle contraction Source: BHF-UCL
Positive regulation of dense core granule biogenesis Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway Source: BHF-UCL
Positive regulation of relaxation of cardiac muscle Source: BHF-UCL
Protein localization to secretory granule Source: Ensembl
Regulation of blood pressure Source: ProtInc
Regulation of the force of heart contraction Source: BHF-UCL

Serpinin: Secreted; secretory vesicle. Pyroglutaminated serpinin localizes to secretory vesicle.
Secreted; Secretory vesicle; Neuronal dense core vesicle. Associated with the secretory granule membrane through direct interaction to SCG3 that in turn binds to cholesterol-enriched lipid rafts in intragranular conditions. In pituitary gonadotropes, located in large secretory granules.

Sulfated on tyrosine residues and/or contains sulfated glycans.
O-glycosylated with core 1 or possibly core 8 glycans.
Proteolytic processing gives rise to an additional longer form of catestatin (residues 358-390) which displays a less potent catecholamine release-inhibitory activity (PubMed:10781584). Plasmin-mediated proteolytic processing can give rise to additional shorter and longer forms of catestatin peptides (PubMed:17991725).