The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. Studies in mice and human indicate that this receptor mediates cellular response to unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in bacterial DNA to mount an innate immune response. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]
Full Name
TLR9 Gene(Protein Coding) Toll Like Receptor 9
Function
Key component of innate and adaptive immunity. TLRs (Toll-like receptors) control host immune response against pathogens through recognition of molecular patterns specific to microorganisms. TLR9 is a nucleotide-sensing TLR which is activated by unmethylated cytidine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) dinucleotides. Acts via MYD88 and TRAF6, leading to NF-kappa-B activation, cytokine secretion and the inflammatory response (PubMed:11564765, PubMed:17932028). Controls lymphocyte response to Helicobacter infection (By similarity). Upon CpG stimulation, induces B-cell proliferation, activation, survival and antibody production (PubMed:23857366).
Biological Process
Biological Process activation of innate immune responseSource:Ensembl Biological Process cellular response to chloroquineSource:Ensembl Biological Process cellular response to lipopolysaccharideSource:Ensembl Biological Process cellular response to metal ionSource:Ensembl Biological Process defense response to bacteriumSource:UniProtKB1 Publication Biological Process defense response to Gram-negative bacteriumSource:UniProtKB1 Publication Biological Process defense response to virusSource:GO_Central1 Publication Biological Process I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signalingSource:GO_Central1 Publication Biological Process I-kappaB phosphorylationSource:BHF-UCL1 Publication Biological Process innate immune responseSource:BHF-UCL1 Publication Biological Process maintenance of gastrointestinal epitheliumSource:BHF-UCL Biological Process male gonad developmentSource:Ensembl Biological Process microglial cell activationSource:Ensembl Biological Process MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathwaySource:Ensembl Biological Process negative regulation of ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activitySource:CACAO1 Publication Biological Process negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascadeSource:Ensembl Biological Process negative regulation of interleukin-6 productionSource:BHF-UCL Biological Process negative regulation of interleukin-8 productionSource:BHF-UCL1 Publication Biological Process negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activitySource:BHF-UCL1 Publication Biological Process negative regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathwaySource:BHF-UCL1 Publication Biological Process positive regulation of autophagySource:Ensembl Biological Process positive regulation of B cell activationSource:UniProtKB1 Publication Biological Process positive regulation of B cell proliferationSource:UniProtKB1 Publication Biological Process positive regulation of chemokine productionSource:BHF-UCL1 Publication Biological Process positive regulation of gene expressionSource:CACAO1 Publication Biological Process positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor productionSource:CACAO1 Publication Biological Process positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signalingSource:BHF-UCL1 Publication Biological Process positive regulation of immunoglobulin productionSource:UniProtKB1 Publication Biological Process positive regulation of inflammatory responseSource:BHF-UCL1 Publication Biological Process positive regulation of interferon-alpha productionSource:UniProtKB1 Publication Biological Process positive regulation of interferon-beta productionSource:UniProtKB1 Publication Biological Process positive regulation of interferon-gamma productionSource:UniProtKB1 Publication Biological Process positive regulation of interleukin-10 productionSource:BHF-UCL Biological Process positive regulation of interleukin-12 productionSource:BHF-UCL Biological Process positive regulation of interleukin-18 productionSource:BHF-UCL Biological Process positive regulation of interleukin-6 productionSource:BHF-UCL2 Publications Biological Process positive regulation of interleukin-8 productionSource:BHF-UCL3 Publications Biological Process positive regulation of JNK cascadeSource:BHF-UCL1 Publication Biological Process positive regulation of JUN kinase activitySource:BHF-UCL1 Publication Biological Process positive regulation of MAPK cascadeSource:UniProtKB1 Publication Biological Process positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activitySource:BHF-UCL1 Publication Biological Process positive regulation of NIK/NF-kappaB signalingSource:BHF-UCL1 Publication Biological Process positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic processSource:BHF-UCL Biological Process positive regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathwaySource:Ensembl Biological Process positive regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathwaySource:BHF-UCL1 Publication Biological Process positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IISource:BHF-UCL Biological Process positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor productionSource:BHF-UCL Biological Process regulation of B cell differentiationSource:UniProtKB1 Publication Biological Process regulation of dendritic cell cytokine productionSource:Ensembl Biological Process regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathwaySource:UniProtKB1 Publication Biological Process response to molecule of bacterial originSource:BHF-UCL1 Publication Biological Process toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathwaySource:InterPro Biological Process toll-like receptor signaling pathwaySource:GO_Central1 Publication
Cellular Location
Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Endosome Lysosome Cytoplasmic vesicle, phagosome Relocalizes from endoplasmic reticulum to endosome and lysosome upon stimulation with agonist. Exit from the ER requires UNC93B1. Endolysosomal localization is required for proteolytic cleavage and subsequent activation. Intracellular localization of the active receptor may prevent from responding to self nucleic acid.
Activated by proteolytic cleavage of the flexible loop between repeats LRR14 and LRR15 within the ectodomain. Cleavage requires UNC93B1. Proteolytically processed by first removing the majority of the ectodomain by either asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) or a cathepsin followed by a trimming event that is solely cathepsin mediated and required for optimal receptor signaling.
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Datasheet